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Ideas for Impact

Why Major Projects Fail: Summary of Bent Flyvbjerg’s Book ‘How Big Things Get Done’

September 24, 2025 By Nagesh Belludi Leave a Comment

Famous Construction Project Failures and The Curse of the Megaproject: Over Budget, Over Due

High-profile construction megaprojects routinely plunge into crisis through mismanagement and unforeseen complications. Boston’s Big Dig exemplifies this pattern as it swelled to five times its intended budget, dragging the city through nearly two decades of disruption before concluding in 2007. Sydney’s Opera House began as a modest four-year, $7-million plan and morphed into a 14-year, $102-million ordeal—its ever-evolving design and underestimated complexity a cautionary tale in unchecked ambition. Montreal’s 1976 Olympic Stadium, derisively dubbed the “Big Owe,” left taxpayers grappling with debt for over 30 years, and Germany’s Berlin Brandenburg Airport staggered behind schedule for a decade before finally opening in 2020.

Bent Flyvbjerg and journalist Dan Gardner meticulously deconstruct these tribulations in How Big Things Get Done: The Surprising Factors That Determine the Fate of Every Project, from Home Renovations to Space Exploration and Everything In Between (2023.) Their exhaustive study of 16,000 projects reveals that a mere 8.5% adhere to their initial time and budget estimates, with an unforgiving 0.5% delivering on time, cost, and promised impact. Project planners often engage in strategic misrepresentation, deliberately understating expenses to secure approval, while the sunk-cost fallacy pits stakeholders against cutting their losses despite mounting over-expenditure. Speed without foresight compounds disaster.

'How Big Things Get Done' by Bent Flyvbjerg (ISBN 593239512) In sharp contrast, China’s rapid rollout of the world’s largest high-speed rail network demonstrates the power of standardization and modular design. By employing repetition over reinvention, the nation completed its vast system in under a decade—a testament to disciplined execution. Pixar’s playbook in American animation underscores the virtues of a robust pre-production phase; meticulous storyboarding and character development catch chaos before it spreads, ensuring a smoother production process. Similarly, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao stands as an exemplar of efficient project management. Frank Gehry’s pioneering use of advanced computer-aided design let his iconic vision be refined in silicon before forged in steel.

These case studies drive home a singular truth: megaprojects succeed when disciplined forecasting, realistic budgeting, and proactive risk assessment govern the process. Conversely, the allure of expediency—the temptation to overpromise and underdeliver—is often the prelude to collapse. Flyvbjerg and Gardner’s analysis cuts through the hubris of grand plans, offering a compelling narrative that contrasts spectacular failures with triumphs born from deliberate design and rigorously earned execution.

Recommendation: Fast-read How Big Things Get Done—its stories don’t just teach project management; they expose the anatomy of ambition. Managing complexity demands more than vision. It requires a systematic, no-nonsense commitment to planning, precision, and integrity. This exploration offers a sobering yet galvanizing blueprint for anyone engaged in—and affected by—the colossal undertaking of building our modern world.

Wondering what to read next?

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  2. Lessons from Peter Drucker: Quit What You Suck At
  3. Zeigarnik Effect: How Incomplete Tasks Trigger Stress
  4. Let Go of Sunk Costs
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Filed Under: Business Stories, Leadership, Mental Models, Project Management Tagged With: Biases, Budgeting, Decision-Making, Goals, Leadership Lessons, Procrastination, Risk, Targets, Time Management

Managing the Overwhelmed: How to Coach Stressed Employees

September 22, 2025 By Nagesh Belludi Leave a Comment

Managing the Overwhelmed: How to Coach Stressed Employees It’s not pressure that breaks people—it’s pretending it isn’t there. Your job isn’t to shield your team from pressure, but to sharpen their ability to withstand it. Don’t reach for platitudes. Reach for precision. Here’s how to lead like it matters:

  • Ban multitasking from your team’s repertoire. It’s not a skill—it’s a slow bleed of attention and output. Force clarity. Demand focus. Two priorities, not ten. Excellence requires concentration, not dispersion.
  • Impose structure before chaos does. Spontaneity is a luxury few can afford. Instruct your team to plan the day before—ruthlessly. Prioritize, time-block, and start the day with intent, not inbox roulette.
  • Call out perfectionism for the vanity project it is. It’s not diligence—it’s delay dressed up as virtue. Teach your team to distinguish between what must be flawless and what simply must be finished.
  • Draw the line—and defend it. Constant availability is not commitment; it’s capitulation. Define what “off” means. Enforce it. Protect downtime like it’s oxygen—because it is.
  • Treat stress as a signal, not a sin. Chronic strain often points to deeper dysfunction: misaligned roles, toxic dynamics, or your own managerial evasions. Don’t soothe—intervene.
  • Make asking for help a norm, not a confession. The lone-hero fantasy is dead. Encourage your team to seek support, share burdens, and use the resources you claim to provide.
  • Invite candor before silence curdles into resentment. Don’t tell people to “move on.” Ask what’s wrong. Listen. Unspoken frustration doesn’t evaporate—it festers.

And finally: look in the mirror. Much of your team’s stress may originate from your systems, your silence, or your standards. Fix that first.

Wondering what to read next?

  1. Fire Fast—It’s Heartless to Hang on to Bad Employees
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  3. Create a Diversity and Inclusion Policy
  4. The Speed Trap: How Extreme Pressure Stifles Creativity
  5. How to Promote Employees

Filed Under: Health and Well-being, Leading Teams, Managing People, MBA in a Nutshell Tagged With: Coaching, Conflict, Great Manager, Human Resources, Mentoring, Performance Management, Stress, Workplace

Inspirational Quotations #1120

September 21, 2025 By Nagesh Belludi

Satires and lampoons on particular people circulate more by giving copies in confidence to the friends of the parties, than by printing them.
—Richard Brinsley Sheridan (Irish-born British Playwright)

Our minds have the need to know. When we don’t know we make assumptions – they make us feel safer than not knowing. And we are pretty much always making assumptions.
—Miguel Angel Ruiz (Mexican Author)

Jump out the window if you are the object of passion. Flee it if you feel it. Passion goes, boredom remains.
—Coco Chanel (French Fashion Designer)

To me, the greatest pleasure of writing is not what it’s about, but the inner music that words make.
—Truman Capote (American Novelist)

When a man opens the car door for his wife, it’s either a new car or a new wife.
—Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (British Prince)

Never underestimate the stimulation of eccentricity.
—Neil Simon (American Playwright)

The future is here. It’s just not widely distributed yet.
—William Gibson (American-Canadian Sci-Fi Author)

A fresh mind keeps the body fresh. Take in the ideas of the day, drain off those of yesterday. As to the morrow, time enough to consider it when it becomes today.
—Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton (British Author, Politician)

To enjoy enduring success we should travel a little in advance of the world.
—John D. MacDonald (American Novelist)

The capacity to give one’s attention to a sufferer is a very rare and difficult thing; it is almost a miracle; it is a miracle. Nearly all those who think they have this capacity do not possess it. Warmth of heart, impulsiveness, pity are not enough.
—Simone Weil (French Philosopher, Political Activist)

Filed Under: Inspirational Quotations

The ‘Small’ Challenge for Big Companies

September 19, 2025 By Nagesh Belludi Leave a Comment

Innovation: The 'Small' Challenge for Big Companies This HBR article highlights a compelling asymmetry in team dynamics: large teams excel at development and deployment, while small teams are better suited for disruption. Large teams execute. Small teams disrupt. The former march in formation; the latter think in rebellion.

Anecdotally, that rings true. Smaller teams, leaner in structure and tighter in cohesion, thrive at birthing radical ideas and reframing paradigms. They move quickly because they aren’t bogged down by bureaucracy and status meetings. They share context without memos, pivot without permission, and fail without fanfare. Their edge is subtraction: less red tape, fewer egos, and, mercifully, no corporate pep talks. That’s why Amazon swears by the “two-pizza team” rule—agility thrives in small bites.

Large teams thrive at refinement. They have the muscle to scale, test, and adapt ideas for customers. Their access to resources, infrastructure, and markets gives them an advantage in execution.

Disruption favors the quiet hum of concentrated minds, not the roar of crowded rooms. That’s why forward-thinking companies seed Skunkworks, nimble innovation cells within large organizations, designed to marry the agility of small teams with the power of big ones. A lightweight alternative is the ad hoc hackathon: short, focused bursts of innovation where small teams or cross-company partnerships can rapidly prototype with minimal overhead.

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Filed Under: Leading Teams, Mental Models Tagged With: Biases, Creativity, Diversity, Group Dynamics, Innovation, Psychology, Social Dynamics, Teams

How to … Lead Without Driving Everyone Mad

September 17, 2025 By Nagesh Belludi Leave a Comment

How Bosses Can Drive Employees Crazy---and What They Can Do Instead Some managers inspire loyalty. Others, despite good intentions, slowly drain morale. This isn’t about tyrants—it’s about the well-meaning but unaware. If your team looks tense every Monday, there’s probably a reason.

Leadership sounds like vision and guidance. But in reality, it often means people grinding their teeth while their boss chips away at morale. Dysfunction doesn’t crash in—it creeps in through habits that quietly wear teams down.

  1. Don’t humiliate people in public. It’s not tough love—it’s bullying. Speak privately. Help them improve without turning it into a show.
  2. Don’t gossip about someone before speaking to them. It damages trust and spreads problems. Talk directly. Quietly. Like an adult.
  3. Don’t set impossible goals and act shocked when people burn out. High standards are fine. Just make sure they’re human. Let people breathe.
  4. Don’t take credit for your team’s work. It doesn’t make you look strong—it makes you look insecure. Recognition is fuel. Share it.
  5. Don’t change rules on a whim. People need consistency. If something shifts, explain why.
  6. Don’t avoid hard conversations. Problems don’t vanish—they rot. Face them with clarity and empathy.
  7. Don’t chase wins that wreck the team. Real success lasts. Build something people want to stay in.

Idea for Impact: Leadership isn’t about noise. It’s about steadiness, respect, and getting the few basics right.

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  2. Fostering Growth & Development: Embrace Coachable Moments
  3. Fire Fast—It’s Heartless to Hang on to Bad Employees
  4. Direction + Autonomy = Engagement
  5. Never Criticize Little, Trivial Faults

Filed Under: Leading Teams, Managing People, MBA in a Nutshell Tagged With: Coaching, Conversations, Feedback, Great Manager, Management, Mentoring, Performance Management

Be Careful What You Count: The Perils of Measuring the Wrong Thing

September 15, 2025 By Nagesh Belludi Leave a Comment

Be Careful What You Count: The Perils of Measuring the Wrong Thing There’s an old joke about the Soviet Union’s approach to industrial planning. It’s been told so often it’s practically folklore, but like all good parables, it endures because it captures something fundamentally true about human behavior under pressure.

In the days of the Soviet Union, Moscow set production quotas, which became the dominant concern of factory managers.

When a commissar told a nail factory’s manager that he would be judged on the number of nails the factory produced, the factory had made lots of little, useless nails.

The commissar, recognizing his mistake, then informed that the factory manager’s performance would be judged on the weight of the nails produced. Consequently, the factory then produced only big nails.

This isn’t just a cautionary tale about bureaucratic absurdities. It’s a lesson in what happens when incentives are designed by people who assume that metrics are neutral, incorruptible things. They’re not. Metrics are like mirrors in a funhouse: they reflect something, but rarely what you intended.

Myles J. Kelleher, in Social Problems in a Free Society: Myths, Absurdities, and Realities (2004,) offers another gem from the Soviet archives:

One Soviet shoe factory manufactured 100,000 pairs of shoes for young boys instead of more useful men’s shoes in a range of sizes because doing so allowed them to make more shoes from the allotted leather and receive a performance bonus.

The logic is impeccable. The outcome is ridiculous. And yet, this isn’t just a Soviet problem. It’s a human one. People respond to the rules of the game. If you reward volume, you’ll get volume—regardless of whether it’s useful, desirable, or even remotely sane.

The significance is blunt: people don’t optimize for purpose; they optimize for score. And if the scoreboard is flawed, so is the game.

Idea for Impact: Don’t Incentivize the Wrong Game

The moment you tie rewards to a number, behavior shifts to serve that number—regardless of whether it reflects anything meaningful. That’s the risk. What gets measured gets done, but it also gets distorted or quietly avoided. The point is to measure what matters, and to understand why it matters.

Start by asking what you’re trying to achieve. If the goal is customer satisfaction, measure the experience, not the volume of calls. If it’s innovation, don’t count patents—look at whether they solve real problems. Activity isn’t the same as effectiveness, and often works against it.

Then look at the resources involved. Efficiency only matters if it supports a valuable outcome. A team chasing empty metrics isn’t efficient—it’s drained. And before introducing any performance measure, ask how it might be exploited. If someone can meet the target while ignoring the purpose, you haven’t built accountability—you’ve created a loophole.

Metrics are instruments. Used well, they clarify. Used poorly, they mislead. Measure carefully.

Reward carelessly, and you’ll get exactly what you asked for—just not what you needed.

Wondering what to read next?

  1. When Work Becomes a Metric, Metrics Risk Becoming the Work: A Case Study of the Stakhanovite Movement
  2. Numbers Games: Summary of The Tyranny of Metrics by Jerry Muller
  3. Why Incentives Backfire and How to Make Them Work: Summary of Uri Gneezy’s Mixed Signals
  4. People Do What You Inspect, Not What You Expect
  5. Master the Middle: Where Success Sets Sail

Filed Under: Business Stories, Mental Models, Sharpening Your Skills Tagged With: Decision-Making, Ethics, Goals, Motivation, Performance Management, Persuasion, Psychology, Targets

Inspirational Quotations #1119

September 14, 2025 By Nagesh Belludi

Our expression and our words never coincide, which is why the animals don’t understand us.
—Malcolm de Chazal (Mauritian Writer, Painter)

Everybody has that thing where they need to look one way but they come out looking another way and that’s what people observe. You see someone on the street and essentially what you notice about them is the flaw. It’s just extraordinary that we should have been given these peculiarities. Something is ironic in the world and it has to do with the fact that what you intend never comes out like you intend it.
—Diane Arbus (American Photographer)

Age is a question of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter.
—Satchel Paige (American Baseball Player)

Life is a succession of moments. To live each one is to succeed.
—Corita Kent (American Nun, Artist)

Faithful servants have a way of knowing answered prayer when they see it, and a way of not giving up when they don’t.
—Max Lucado (American Author, Minister)

A man shares his days with hunger, thirst, and cold, with the good times and the bad, and the first part of being a man is to understand that.
—Louis L’Amour (American Novelist)

Art is the signature of civilizations.
—Beverly Sills (American Singer)

When schemes are laid in advance, it is surprising how often the circumstances will fit in with them.
—William Osler (Canadian Physician)

The mere stuffing of the mind with a knowledge of facts is not education.
—Joseph F. Smith (American Religious Leader)

The first condition of happiness is a clear conscience.
—David O. McKay (American Author)

In keeping people straight, principle is not as powerful as a policeman.
—Abel Hermant (French Novelist, Critic)

Filed Under: Inspirational Quotations

Big Shifts Start Small—One Change at a Time

September 12, 2025 By Nagesh Belludi Leave a Comment

Big Shifts Start Small---One Change at a Time We romanticize transformation—new routines, cleaner diets, sharper habits. But in practice, change rarely arrives in cinematic sweeps. It comes in quieter forms: a switch from soda to water, a walk around the block, skipping the evening snack. Small choices. Easily overlooked. In aggregate, they shape us.

Trying to change everything at once—run daily, meditate, overhaul meals—is a recipe for burnout disguised as ambition. Better to start with one tweak, something frictionless enough to stick. Once it feels second nature, stack another. A short walk. A light dinner. A weekend without takeout. These shifts build momentum without demanding heroics.

Progress thrives on consistency, not spectacle. The goal isn’t an overhaul—it’s a steady tilt toward better. And in that tilt, you free up space: less guilt, fewer negotiations, more clarity. Change doesn’t have to be loud to matter.

Idea for Impact: Progress is rarely explosive. More often, it’s the quiet rebellion of small shifts against chaos—one glass of water, one walk around the block, one skipped snack at a time.

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Filed Under: Living the Good Life, Mental Models, Sharpening Your Skills Tagged With: Change Management, Decision-Making, Discipline, Fear, Getting Things Done, Goals, Motivation, Procrastination

Let a Dice Decide: Random Choices Might Be Smarter Than You Think

September 10, 2025 By Nagesh Belludi Leave a Comment

Let a Dice Decide: Random Choices Might Be Smarter Than You Think We make thousands of decisions daily—what to wear, which email to answer first, whether to take the scenic route or stick to the main road. Most are low-stakes, but the act of choosing can sap mental energy. That’s decision fatigue: as options pile up, clarity frays, and even the inconsequential starts to feel weighty. The mind treats small choices like they’ve got far more significance than they deserve.

There’s a surprisingly elegant way out: hand off minor decisions to chance. Roll a die. Flip a coin. Outsource the trivial. Randomization cuts through indecision and delivers instant clarity. Ironically, when the coin’s in mid-air, we often discover what we truly want—hoping silently for a particular side to land face-up. That fleeting instinct speaks louder than hours of deliberation.

We already allow randomness to shape more of our lives than we realize. We hit shuffle and trust an algorithm to pick our next song. We choose checkout lines blindly, hoping they’re fastest. Our social feeds present content in curated chaos. Even picking a restaurant often comes down to whatever looks inviting in the moment. Randomness isn’t an interruption—it’s ambient, constant, and influential.

Using chance deliberately brings relief. Faced with mundane, energy-draining decisions, inviting a bit of randomness can be playful and effective. It breaks the loop of paralysis-by-analysis and forces commitment. It frees up brainpower for choices that actually require reflection. Not everything deserves a full internal debate.

Of course, not every decision fits this mold—career shifts, relationships, financial moves need real thought. But for the daily swarm of indecision, randomness offers clarity and release.

That’s freedom from the unimportant.

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Filed Under: Mental Models, Sharpening Your Skills Tagged With: Anxiety, Assertiveness, Clutter, Decision-Making, Discipline, Efficiency, Parables, Procrastination, Simple Living, Thought Process

Do-What-I-Did Career Advice Is Mostly Nonsense

September 8, 2025 By Nagesh Belludi Leave a Comment

Your Path Isn't Mine: The Myth of Mimicry in Success In the glossy canon of business magazine profiles and business school leadership panels, few rituals are as misleading as the executive career interview. A high-powered figure is asked for wisdom, and what follows is a polished origin myth framed as mentorship—a display of survivorship bias wrapped in aspirational prose. Biography masquerading as blueprint.

These stories are cinematic by design. They feature eighty-hour workweeks, strategic pivots that precede market booms, and passions that bloom alongside rising profit margins. Delivered with solemn cadence, these narratives are carved into marble slabs by capitalism’s chosen apostles.

Sheryl Sandberg, one of Silicon Valley’s most recognizable voices, has long embodied this genre. Her signature mantras—“Work hard,” “Lean in,” “Follow your passion”—resonate with clarity and conviction. Yet beneath the surface lies a trajectory shaped not solely by diligence but also by timing, institutional support, and access to elite networks.

Her widely cited negotiation for the Facebook COO role is illustrative. Initially prepared to accept Mark Zuckerberg’s offer without discussion, she reconsidered at her husband’s urging and negotiated terms. She identifies this moment as a turning point. What often escapes mention is the broader context: an education at Harvard, experience at McKinsey, and longstanding ties to the upper echelons of tech and government. Most candidates don’t bring such credentials into the room, nor do they have a spouse who is also a seasoned tech executive.

“Follow Me” Is Terrible Career Advice

'Lean In' by Sheryl Sandberg (ISBN 0385349947) Sandberg’s work routine, often held up as a model of balance, was supported by resources unavailable to many—nannies, private chefs, and flexible job conditions. The ability to log off at 5:30 to have dinner with her children and return later wasn’t simply a function of personal discipline. It was enabled by structural advantages that insulated her from many of the pressures others face.

Sandberg didn’t “lean in” to adversity in the traditional sense. She navigated a system she was already well-positioned within. Her advice is not without value, but it reflects a path forged through a confluence of opportunity and preparation that many will not share. Countless professionals devote themselves with grit and precision, follow every career mantra, and invest deeply in their growth—yet the path to executive elevation remains elusive.

What’s often presented as universal wisdom is, in many cases, retrospective storytelling. These journeys are curated, not reproducible. The gospel from the corner office may inspire, but it is rarely instructive. Success in these rarefied spaces owes as much to legacy and leverage as it does to effort and aspiration.

Idea for Impact: Personal Playbooks Mislead. This genre isn’t guidance; it’s gospel for the gilded. A bedtime story for the aspirational class, painstakingly reverse-engineered to give the illusion that inherited altitude came from effort. The success it glorifies owes less to grit and more to the gravitational pull of legacy and access.

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  3. Get Started, Passion Comes Later: A Case Study of Chipotle’s Founder, Steve Ells
  4. Five Ways … You Could Elevate Good to Great
  5. Before Jumping Ship, Consider This

Filed Under: Career Development, Great Personalities, Sharpening Your Skills Tagged With: Career Planning, Mentoring, Personal Growth, Pursuits, Role Models, Therapy

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About: Nagesh Belludi [hire] is a St. Petersburg, Florida-based freethinker, investor, and leadership coach. He specializes in helping executives and companies ensure that the overall quality of their decision-making benefits isn’t compromised by a lack of a big-picture understanding.

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Computer scientist Cal Newport explains how blindly following one's passion is a poor career strategy. Developing precious skills can initiate a passionate pursuit and a meaningful career.

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Recently,

  • Why Major Projects Fail: Summary of Bent Flyvbjerg’s Book ‘How Big Things Get Done’
  • Managing the Overwhelmed: How to Coach Stressed Employees
  • Inspirational Quotations #1120
  • The ‘Small’ Challenge for Big Companies
  • How to … Lead Without Driving Everyone Mad
  • Be Careful What You Count: The Perils of Measuring the Wrong Thing
  • Inspirational Quotations #1119

Unless otherwise stated in the individual document, the works above are © Nagesh Belludi under a Creative Commons BY-NC-ND license. You may quote, copy and share them freely, as long as you link back to RightAttitudes.com, don't make money with them, and don't modify the content. Enjoy!